Product and method for reducing water ions through soil bv seepage

ABSTRACT

A composition for reducing the loss of liquids by seepage through permeable ground surfaces is shown. The composition desirably comprises an aqueous emulsion of asphalt including a combination of cationic emulsifiers, a nonionic surface active agent and preferably a minor proportion of elastomer solids. The compositions are adapted for spray application on natural and man-made beds of rivers, ponds and other water impoundment and transfer structures. The stability of the emulsion is controlled so that penetration of the soil is achieved and a flexible water impervious mass is obtained.

United States Patent [1 1 Califano et al.

[ PRODUCT AND METHOD FOR REDUCING WATER IONS THROUGH SOIL BY SEEPAGE [75] Inventors: Frank L. Califano, Hackensack;

George Stepien, Jr., Montclair; Thomas E. Russell, Whippany, all of NJ.

[73] Assignee: The Flintkote Company, White Plains, NY.

[22] Filed: Apr. 4, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 457,969

Related US. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 296,1l4, Oct. I0, 1972, Pat. No.

[52] US. Cl. 260/285 AS; 106/277; 260/296 RE [5 l] Int. Cl. C08c 11/70 [58] Field of Search 260/28.5 AS; 106/277 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,276,887 10/1966 Pitchford lO6/277 1 June 24, 1975 3,359,738 l2/l967 Dybalski et al. lO6/277 3,389,090 1/1968 Turk l06/277 3,445,258 5/1969 Ferm et al. l06/277 3,645,947 2/1972 Quigg et al. 260/285 AS Primary Examiner-Melvyn l. Marquis Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Curtis, Morris & Safford 5 7] ABSTRACT 6 Claims, No Drawings PRODUCT AND METHOD FOR REDUCING WATER IONS THROUGH SOIL BY SEEPAGE This application is a divisional application of pending application Ser. No. 296,114, filed Oct. 10, 1972 now [1.5. Pat. No. 3,831,382.

This invention relates broadly to a composition and to a method for reducing the loss of aqueous liquids through permeable ground surfaces. More specifically. this invention relates to a method for reducing seepage loss of water from ponds, irrigation ditches, reservoirs, canals and other similar bodies. Even more specifically, this invention relates to a composition having the properties of a binder such that when applied by the method of this invention to ground soils or sands or rocky strata, a strong, water impermeable and flexible mass is formed.

In many areas, water is a raw material of very considerable value. Particularly in areas having little rainfall and no access to a ready supply of water, it is imperative to transport and to store water for agricultural and human consumption, without incurring a substantial loss by seepage through soils. in arid areas such as the West and Southwest areas of this country, where soils tend to be sandy and of a very porous and permeable nature, as much as 50 or more of available water supplies may be lost due to seepage through the base surfaces of irrigation ditches, impoundment reservoirs, canals and the like.

Several methods have been developed in the art for impermeabilizing and consolidating ground soils and naturally occurring and synthetically produced porous surfaces such as gravel layers, concrete underlayments, sand and earth masses and other like surfaces encountered in water transfer an impoundment locations. Although prior art methods have met with some success, many problems have been encountered.

One prior art method includes coating the ground surface with gunnite or similar material which is sprayed over a steel mesh and poured in a form positioned in the impoundment area. Although relatively effective from the standpoint of reduction of seepage loss, this technique is very expensive in that it requires substantial construction facilities and labor to impermeabilize a given area of ground surface. Another disadvantage of gunnite surfaces is that they are difficult to repair and where damage occurs due to earth movements, erosion or other mechanical shock, it is necessary to make extensive repairs or rebuild entire areas of the surface.

Another method used to waterproof ground surfaces involves positioning a sheet of a vinyl polymeric material over the surface to be waterproofed. This technique has several disadvantages, most notably that is is expensive to acquire and position the vinyl sheet and holes develop in the sheet due to movement of the ground and by penetration of the rocks located therein. The vinyl sheets can be repaired with difficulty especially where holes are involved. The initial and maintenance cost of vinyl sheets are therefore high.

A further technique used by workers to seal ground surfaces in water containment structures includes laying down a pavement of asphalt or other similar waterproofing material. This is an effective procedure, however, it is an expensive one. The areas to be waterproofed must be relatively large and have relatively shallow slopes to insure the proper placement of the material. Another related technique which is also relatively expensive, but is effective to reduce water seepage includes lining the irrigation canal or impoundment area with concrete. The major disadvantages encountered, in addition to the expense, are that the concrete tends to crack and site preparation and repairs entail considerable effort. Other techniques include an application of clay or plastic materials applied to the soils to form a relatively water impervious overlayer. These techniques are relatively inexpensive, but are imperfect because cracks and fissures are easily formed, and depending on water movement have a tendency to part from the soil.

One of the more recent, effective methods is that disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,236,67l to Dybalski et al. In this technique, an aqueous, cationic bituminous emulsion is introduced to water contained in an impoundment or transfer structure and is permitted to settle to the bottom thereof, forming a continuous film adsorbed on the soil or sand particles on the sides and bed of the containment structure. This procedure has the merit of easy application to an existing system and it has the further advantage that the emulsion migrates to and deposits at locations where cracks, holes or fissures have developed. The major disadvantage is that very little if any penetration of the soil is obtained thereby creating a film which is essentially a surface one which is easily damaged or ruptured. In this method, there is no way of accurately calculating the amount of material needed to seal the bottom. Unless an accurate determination of the depth of fissures, cracks, etc. is available, the amount to be applied to the water surface with the assurance that all the ground surfaces are covered cannot be predicted.

It is the primary object of this invention to provide a composition for and a method for applying that composition to natural and man-made ground surfaces in water containment and transfer systems to impermeabilize them.

It is a related object of this invention to provide a composition and method for applying that composition which can be used, as a binder to waterproof different kinds of ground surfaces containing particles of varying sizes and of different compositions.

It is a further and important object of this invention to provide a composition which penetrates and combines with the ground surface to a significant degree to form a tough, flexible and water impervious mass.

[t is still a further and equally important object of the present invention to provide a composition which is easily applied to a variety of natural terrains and which does not require a substantial labor force or extensive complex application equipment as do concrete, gunnite, brick lined beds, clay layers, etc. as have been used in the prior art.

it is still a further object of this invention to provide a sealant for impermeabilizing porous ground soils which is long lasting and flexible to conform to movements of ground soils and which is resistant to animal and human traffic.

It is a related and further object of this invention to provide a method for waterproofing ground surfaces which have steep slopes without requiring grading, site preparation or other preparatory operations.

it is a still further object of this invention to provide a composition which can be repaired and reinforced simply and inexpensively by reapplication of a composition over the first waterproofed layer or over any sediment or silt which forms thereover. The secondary application should combine with the initial application or loose soil to form an integral mass.

it is yet a further object of this invention to provide a composition which sets relatively quickly and which is not toxic to plant, animal or human life.

These and other objects of this invention are achieved by means of a composition which acts as a binder and penetrates and binds together the particles in permeable ground sand and soils so as to form a tough, flexible water-proofing mass. The composition, in its broadest embodiment, comprises an aqueous emulsion of a water insoluble and water dispersible bituminous material in which the bituminous material comprises from 25 to 50% by weight of the emulsion. The bituminous material is present in the emulsion in particles at least 90% of which have a size of less than about l microns and is kept in stable cationic emulsion by means of a combination of cationic emulsifiers comprising from approximately 0.3 to 1.2% by weight of the emulsion. The properties of the emulsion particularly its break" characteristics are desirably modified and tailored for the purposes of this invention by inclusion of from 0.1 to 1.5% of the emulsion of a nonionic surface active agent. The overall composition additionally contains an acid in an amount sufficient to control the pH of the composition in the range of approximately 3 to 7.

The compositions of the invention are easily applied by spraying onto a ground surface and as described more fully hereinbelow, the composition penetrates the ground surface to a depth of as much as four inches or more and forms a binder which binds and consolidates into a mass the particles which comprise the ground surface. it has been found that the compositions of the invention can be applied directly to dry soils and that the waterproofing composition which is deposited forms a tough, permanent and flexible structure on steep terrain as well as flat terrain and reduces water seepage by 95% or more. The compositions have been found to set in as little as four hours.

in order to achieve the penetration of a substantial depth of the soil or sand in the bed and at the sides of a natural or man-made body of water, it is necessary to carefully control the break of the cationic emulsions in the presence of the siliceous ground material whose particles are known to have negatively charged surface characteristics. As is well known in the art of cationic bituminous emulsions, the dispersed particles of bitumen are suspended in the water by means of cationic emulsifying agents. The non-polar portion of the organic cation is readily solubilized in the particle of bitumen whereas the polar end thereof extends into the aqueous medium. The uniformity of orientation of the cationic emulsifier within the particles of bitumen creates a uniform suspension. When these particles come into contact with solid mineral surfaces, which are negatively charged, the forces of attraction contribute to a strong adsorption of the particles of bitumen on the mineral surfaces and thus lead to adhesion of bitumen and soil particles. In order to avoid a breakdown of the emulsion at the moment of contact with solid surfaces, it is important to include a mixture of cationic emulsifiers having different properties. A still further adjustment to the stability of the emulsion may be achieved by adding to it a quantity of a nonionic surface active agent. The surface active agent wets the particles of sand or soil and reduces the reactivity of them with the emulsion. The nonionic surface active agent can be deemed a coemulsifier and it performs the dual functions of wetting and activating the surfaces of the solids and modifying and suppressing the breakpoint of the cationic emulsions.

The cationic emulsifiers which are useful in the present invention may be those which are known in the art as being effective for forming stable, oil-in-water emulsions of bituminous compounds. The preferred basic emulsifiers, which may be used by themselves, although not with best results, are aliphatic amine compounds and more specifically, aliphatic diamine compounds. These compounds are typically employed in the form ofa water soluble salt which is obtained by reacting the diamine with a suitable inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid. Preferred basic emulsifiers are selected from the group consisting of N-alkyl polymethylene diamines of the formula where w is an integer of from 2 to 4 and R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms. The preferred species, marketed under the trade name DUOMEEN T by Armour Industrial Chemical Co., 1 10 North Wacker Drive, Chicago 6, Illinois is comprised of a tallow diamine having the formula RNH(CH,) NH,.

Desirably a second cationic emulsifier is used, which can be characterized as an emulsification aid and emulsion break suppressant. it is preferably a compound selected from the group consisting of alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds of the formula (Cll li R N (CH H where n is from I to 2 and R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms. An emulsiflcation aid which has been found to have suitable properties is a tallow trimethylol ammonium chloride sold under the trademark ARQUAD S-50 by the Armour Chemical Co. The quaternary ammonium compounds, like the diamines are typically used in their salt forms.

Other compounds which may be useful to control the break stability of the emulsions are the N-alkyl polymethylene monoand poly-alkoxylated diamineswhere w is an integer of from 2 to 4, x, y, and z are integers of from 0 to 20 and the total of x, y, and 2 does not exceed 20.

When applying both a basic emulsifier and emulsification aid-break suppressant, it has been found that best results are obtained if the total amount of emulsifier is between 0.3 percent and 1.2 percent by weight of the emulsion. The ratio of the basic emulsifier to the emulsification aid may be in the range of from 1:2 to 2:1.

The non-ionic surface active agent performs a relatively complex function which is not entirely understood. One of its functions particularly where the soil or sand is dry, is to wet the surface of the solid particles and activate the ions inherent therein. A second func tion is to modify and suppress the break point of the cationic emulsion by regulating the reactivity of the bituminous emulsion-siliceous solid reaction system which is obtained when the composition is sprayed on a ground surface. A number of different nonionic sur' face active agents can be used, however, the preferred species are those selected from the group consisting of alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, polyethoxylated nonylphenols (average ethylene oxide content of 4-12 mols per mol of nonylphenol) benzyl ethers of octyl phenol and linear organic alcohols. Suitable commercial prod ucts are TRITON CF-l0, a benzyl ether of octylphenolethylene oxide adduct, manufactured by Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, NOPCOWET 160, a nonionic, alkyl aryl polyether alcohol, manufactured by Nopco Chemical Division, Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company, Newark, New Jersey, and HYONlC PE-90 a polyethoxylated nonylphenol containing 9 mols of ethylene oxide per mol of nonylphenol, manufactured by Diamond Shamrock Chemical Co., Morristown, New Jersey. As in the case with the cationic emulsifiers, the particular surface active agent chosen and the amount used may depend in part on the nature of the soil to be impermeabilized. However, it has been found that good results are obtained if the total amount of the surface active agent is from approximately 0.1 to 1.5 percent by weight of the emulsion.

It has also been found that improved results are obtained if the composition contains, in addition to the bituminous emulsion, the cationic emulsifiers and nonionic surface active agent, an emulsified elastomeric solid such as latex in an amount offrom l to 10 percent by weight of the emulsion. The rubber solids may have a particle size of less than about 10 microns, and are kept in emulsion by the same active components as are useful for emulsifying the bitumen. Among the commerically available rubbers which may be used to advantage in the present invention are PLIOPAVE L 165-K and NEOPRENE 950. PLIOPAVE L l65-K is the trademark of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. and identifies their cationic styrene butadiene rubber latex comprising 60% rubber solids. NEOPRENE 950 is the trademark of the duPont Company and identifies their cationic chloroprene rubber latex comprising 50% solids.

The seal obtained where the compositions contain rubber solids is tougher and more flexible than where the rubber solids are not used. Inclusion of the rubber solids is recommended in areas where earth tremors or shifts in the strata are anticipated and the flexibility of the sealant mass is more important. it has been found that if less than one percent by weight of rubber solids are used, the advantages in the overall composition are not realized and where more than 10 percent rubber solids are used, no substantial additional advantages are achieved.

In addition to the aforedescribed components of the composition, an acid, preferably an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid may be ineluded. The amount of the acid used should correspond to that required to achieve a pH of the overall composition of from 3 to 7 or slightly less than 7 in order to establish an acidity which will insure the reactivity of the bitumen particles with the surface of the soil or sand particles which have a negatively charged characteristic. Typically the acid is used in from 0.1 to 1.0 percent of the emulsion. It has been found that best results are obtained if the pH is controlled in the range from 5 to 7.

Other modifying agents may be added to the composition to stabilize the emulsion for storage or transport. As is known, for example, minor proportions of an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt such as calcium chloride or sodium chloride may be added to lengthen the life of the emulsion. Typically these components are added in from 0.01 percent to 1.0 percent by weight of the emulsion.

The bituminous materials that may be used to form the emulsions are well known in the art. They may be selected, broadly, from water-insoluble, waterdispersible, organic thermoplastic bituminous substances that are normally solid, semi-solid or viscous liquids at ordinary atmospheric temperatures. Examples of these materials are petroleum and native asphalts, pyrogenous residues, such as blown petroleum asphalts, sludge asphalts, pressure tars and pitches. Of these materials, petroleum asphalt is most commonly used and it may be produced to the desired physical properties of softening point (Ball and Ring) from F. to 200F. and penetration from 4 dmm to 205 dmm (at 77F.) by steam refining, by air-blowing, by solvent extraction methods, or by a combination of such methods.

Methods for forming stable emulsions of the bituminous substance in water are well known in the art. Typically, emulsions are prepared in concentrated form and contain about 65% solids. The emulsion of the present invention may be prepared by conventional methods as for example by first forming a solution of water, basic emulsifier, emulsification aid, acid and any other additives, together with rubber solids if any at about 120F. This solution and molten'asphalt at about 280F. are then pumped simultaneously from separate vessels into a Charlotte Colloid Mill or other high shear pressurized mill wherein the asphalt is subjected to high shear forces and is broken up into small particles. The particle sizes in the finished emulsions may be broadly from 1 to 50 microns, but best results are obtained where ninety percent or more of the particles are less than 10 microns. Methods for forming the emulsions are extensively described in the art.

Although emulsions are typically prepared in more concentrated form, it has been found that good penetration of the surface material is obtained only where the solid content of the emulsion is in the range of 25 to 50 percent. The preferred solids concentration is 30 to 40 percent by weight.

The composition is applied to the walls and bed of water containment structures such as reservoirs, streams, ponds, irrigation ditches, canals and the like. The composition is preferably but not necessarily applied to the surface by spraying with a pole gun connected to a pump. The compositions may be applied to the surface soil in from 4 to 40 gallons per square feet of surface, Desirably the spray is applied in from 10 to 20 gallons per 100 square feet of surface.

It has been found that particularly good results are obtained if the ground surface is first wet with water or preferably with a solution of nonionic surfactant in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 percent by weight of solution. Wet- Asphalt-Binder B l-l 20 Penetration at 77F. Soft Point R8 B IOR-l l8? Ductility at 77F. at S cm/min.l00 cm(minimum) Shell Oil Co.

Neoprene Latex 950 (50%) Pliolite Latex 160 (49%) Ucar Latex 893 [50%) Rhoplex Latex HA-IZ (45%) Pliolite Latex 5352 (68%) ting the ground surface with water or surfactant solu- E NNallgllrimethylchc diflmim; m ur & Cu. tion compacts the soil particles closer to one another 0 qmlem'lry "mmomum Armwr and prepares it advantageously for the asphalt emul- Pliopave L-l65-K Cationic styrene-hutadiene Goodyear rubber latex (oUZ solids) Slon' mlnor amount of the noluomc Surfac? actlve Neoprene 950 Cationic Chloroprene rubber duPont agent is included in the water solution, the particles of latex 50'); solids) sand or rock are more effectively wetted and this per- 10 mits the subsequent emulsion to wick into the ground so that a deeper penetration is obtained. Penetrations of as much as l to 4 inches have been obtained with treatments following this technique. Depending on The COmPOSmOHS Werfi ppli t t urfa e Of a the nature of the soil to be waterproofed, it may be de- Sandy Tetalhed 1 foot Square Plashc bOXeS- Each sirable to include a minor amount of acid in the pretest box Chhm'heda 4 Inch depth Qflesl Sand Supported wetting step to further activate the negative surfaces of Over a 1 Inch layer of 1 lhch Stones Whlch were 3 the siliceous ground material. Although not critical, it rated from [he y a 12 mesh screeh- A 2 has been found that best results are obtained if the soil Square hole was Cut the bottom of the bQX allow to be impermeabilized is first wet with approximately 20 for whom and the bflxes w suspended above the 50 to 100 gauons f water or Solution per 100 Square floor so that the holes in the1r bottoms would not be ocf f f eluded. The time of water retention for the boxes The invention is further described in the following treated with the COrhPOSIIiOh was compared with the examples. time of water retention in a control box of untreated sand. The time of water retention in the control box EXAMPLE I was approximately two to three minutes whereas the The degree to which the compositions of this inven- Sand the boxes treated with cohlposhlohs rahged tion reduce the rate of water loss from sandy soils was from to I 1520 l The hesuhs are expressed determined in a series of tests using different composiboth water h and m {arms of P tions. The compositions were prepared by premixing age water loss Th latter figures are the the emulsifiers and other adjuvants in water at approximore meanmgfu] Ones slnce the phrameter adopled mately o and pumping the Solution together with by governmental agencies to determme the effectivemolten asphalt at 280F. to a colloid mill for emulsificaof lmpermeablhzmg trealmemstion. The components of the compositions are identi- The results achieved with a variety of compositions fled below. are set forth below in Table I.

TABLE I COMPOUN D Control A Al Asphalt (Binder B) 6200 5200 Water 2800 2800 Duomeen T I6 32 Arquad SSO *HCL 8 8 CaCl, 4 4 Neoprene Latex 950 Pliolite Latex 160 (49%) Ucar Latex 893 (50%) Rhoplex Latex HA-lZ (45%) Pliolile Latex 5352 (68%) Hycar Latex l562 X 103 (41%) Pliopave Latex Ll-K (63%) Emulsification Good Good Smoothness Fairly Smooth Smooth Particles Slight None Grit Settlement None None Concentration of Bituminous Solids (wgt 65% 65% Penetration 0.5" l.02.0" Time of H,O Retention (Min.) 2% 600 2400 for 1 Gal. Percolation Rate Gals/Min. .3636 .00l 66 .00042 Water Loss Reduction 99.45 9989 Compound A-I B C Asphalt (Binder B) 5200 5200 5200 Water 5500 2800 10800 Duomeen T 32 16 8 Arquad 8-50 16 40 *HCL B 8 8 CaCl, 4 4 4 TABLE I -Continued COMPOUND Control A A- 1 Hycar Latex 1562 X 103 (41%) Pliopave Latex Llfi-K (63%) Emulsification Good Good Good smoothness Smooth Very Very Smooth Smooth Particles None None None Settlement None None None Concentration of Bituminous 48.75% 65% 32.5% Solids (wgt Penetration 0.5-1.5" 0.5" 1" Time of H 0 Retention (Min.) 11520-1- 90 132 for 1 Gal. Percolation Rate Gals/Min. .000086 .011 .0075? 3% Water Loss Reduction 99.97 97.00 97.79 COMPOUND B H-l H-I Asphalt (Binder B) 5200 5200 5200 Water 10800 2400 10800 Duomecn T 16 16 16 Arquad 5-50 16 *HCL 8 8 8 CaCl, 4 4 4 Neoprene Latex 950 800 800 Pliolite Latex 160 (49%) Ucar Latex 893 (50%) Rhoplex Latex HA-l2 (45%) Pliolite Latex 5352 (68%) Hycar Latex 1562 X 103 (41%) Pliopave Latex LlK (63%) Emulsitication Good Good Good Smoothness Very Fairly Fairly Smooth Smooth Smooth Particles None Slight Slight Grit Grit Settlement None None None Concentration of Bituminous Solids (wgt 32.5% 65% 31% Penetration 1" 015" 0.5" Time of 11,0 Retention (Mini) for 1 Gal. 260 Percolation Rate Gals/Min. .011 10 .00384 .00666 Water Loss Reduction 97100 98.95 98.07 COMPOUND H-la Hlb H-2 Asphalt (Binder B) 5200 5200 5200 Water 2560 2560 2384 Duomeen T 32 32 16 Arquad 5-50 16 *HCL 8 8 8 CaCl, 4 4 4 Neoprene Latex 950 (50%) 480 480 Pliolite Latex (49%) 816 Ucar Latex B93 (50%) Rhoplex Latex PIA-12 (45%) Pliolite Latex 5352(6815) Hycar Latex 1562 X 103 (41%) Pliopave Latex LIGSK (63%) Emulsification Good Good N.G. smoothness Smooth Smooth Particles None None Settlement None None Concentration of Bituminous Solids (wgt 10) Penetration Time of H,O Retention (Min.) for 1 Gal. Percolation Rate Gals/Min. Water Loss Reduction COMPOUND 1-1-3 1-1-4 H-4a Asphalt (Binder B) 5200 5200 5200 Water 2400 2312 2518 Duomeen T 24 16 24 Arquad 8-50 16 "HCL 8 8 8 CaCl, 4 4 4 Neoprene Latex 950 (50%) Pliolite Latex 160 (49%) Ucar Latex 893 (50%) 800 Rhoplex Latex HA-12 (45%) 888 533 Pliolite Latex 5352 (68%) Hycar Latex 1562 X 103 (41%) Pliopave Latex L-K (63%) Emulsification Poor N16. N.G. smoothness Particles Settlement Concentration of Bituminous Solids (wgt Penetration Time of H,O Retention (Min.) for 1 Gal.

Percolation Rate Gals/Min Water Loss Reduction TABLE I -Continucd COMPOUND Control A A-l COMPOUND H-S H-6 H-7 Asphalt (Binder 8) 5200 5200 5200 Water 2614 2224 2560 Duomeen T l6 I6 24 Arquad 8-50 16 HCL 8 B 8 CaCl, 4 4 4 Neoprene Latex 950 (50%) k Pliolite Latex I60 (49%) t Ucar Latex 893 (50%) Rhoplex Latex HA-12 (45%) Pliolite Latex 5352 (68%) 584 Hycar Latex I562 X 103 (4l%) 976 Pliopave Latex Ll65-K (63%) 640 Emulsification NO. NO. Good smoothness Particles Some Grit Settlement Concentration of Bituminous Solids (wgt 62% Penetration l Time of H 0 Retention (Min.)

for l Gal. I320 Percolation rate Gals/Min. .00075 Water Loss Reduction 99.72

COMPOUND H-8 H-9 H-l0 Asphalt (Binder B) 5200 5200 5200 Water 2320 2560 2652 Duomeen T 24 l6 l6 Arquad 8-50 l6 l6 l6 CaCl, 4 4 4 Neoprene Latex 950 (50%) 480 Pliolite Latex 160 (49%) Ucar Latex 893 (50%) Rhoplex Latex PIA-l2 (45%) Pliolite Latex 5352 (68%) Hycar Latex 1562 X I03 (41%) Pliopave Latex Ll65-K (63%) i280 384 Emulsification Poor Good Good smoothness Smooth Smooth Particles None None Settlement None None Concentration of Bituminous ,Solids (wgt 63% 63% Penetration 0.54.0" 0.5" Time of H,O Retention (Min.)

for l Gal. 600 11520 Percolation Rate Gals/Min. .00l66 .000086 Water Loss Reduction 99.45 99.97 COMPOUND H-9' H-lO Asphalt (Binder B) 5200 5200 Water 5400 5500 Duomeen T l6 l6 Arquad S-SO l6 l6 "HCL 8 8 CaCl, 4 4 Neoprene Latex 950 (50%) a 480 Pliolite Latex I60 (49%) Ucar Latex 893 (50%) Rhoplex Latex HA-l2 (45%) Pliolite Latex 5352 (68%) Hycar Latex I562 X I03 (4l%) Pliopave LatexLlfiS-K (63%) A 384 Emulsification Good Good smoothness Smooth Smooth Particles None None Settlement None None Concentration of Bituminous Solids (wgt 47% 47% Penetration 0.5-0.75" 0.75-1.50" Time of H,O Retention (Him) for l Gal. I320 2880 Percolation Rate Gals/Min. .00075 .00034 Water Loss Reduction 99.72 99.89

EXAMPLE ll centrated cationic emulsion with one part of a rela- A field application of the composition and method ttvely dilute emulsion of latex solids in water. The conwas conducted in Pauma Valley, Caltfomia. A compocentrated asphalt emulsion had the following composisition was formed by combining three parts of a contlon:

The rubber emulsion had the following composition:

Component B it by weight Pliopave l65-K Latex (Solids) 6515 Water (including H O from Latex) 92.60 Duomecn T .40 Arquad 8-50 .26 HCl .ll CaCl, .9

The mixed composition had the following total concentration of the several constitutents:

Mixed Composition 7r by weight Asphalt (Binder B) I95 48.57 Pliopave l65-K (solids) 6.56 1.63 Water [97.60 49.10 Duomeen T [.30 .32 Arquad -50 .86 .?.l HCl .4] .l2 CflCla .22 .05 40l.95 [00.00

The mixed composition was applied to the dry base and side surfaces of an empty pond having a surface area of approximately 15,000 square feet. The composition was applied in approximately 8 gallons per I00 square feet of ground surface area. The soil particles were substantially impermeabilized although the penetration of the material was less than one and one half inch. After the materials had set, water was impounded in the pond during a 48 hour period and water loss tests were conducted. Inventory data was taken to determine the degree of water loss reduction. [t was found that approximately 85 to 86 percent water loss reduction was achieved.

After the water loss reduction tests were terminated, the pond was drained. It was found that the surfaces of the bed and sides were covered with a continuous, nontacky layer of asphaltic material, which was firm and resilient. The vertical sidewalls showed no signs of sliding or cracking and rocks and boulders were bound into the mass as well as the smaller particles. Examination of the pond surfaces showed that although the penetrations in some places were only one halfinch, it was possible to walk upon the impermeabilized area without disturbing the surface or damaging it.

After a 3 month period the pond was drained and a second application of compositions (as described below) was made to the surface which had accumulated a coating of loose sand during the service period.

The first part of this second application consisted of spraying the following composition at a rate of 3.3 gallons per hundred square feet:

7c by weight Pliopavc l65-K Latex (solids) 6.56 Water (including water from latex) 91.60 Duomeen T .40 Arquad 8-50 .26 HCl .1 l CaCl, .07 Nopcowct 1.00

The second part of this second application consisted of spraying the following composition at a rate of 2.4 gallons per hundred square feet:

% by weight Asphalt (Binder) 48.57 Pliopave l65-K (solids) 1.63 Water (including water from latex) 47.60 Duomeen T 0.32 Arquad S-SO 0.2l HCl 0.12 CaC] 0.05 Nopcowet 160 [.50

After cure the pond was filled with water and the water loss was measured over a period of time and it was found that the composition had reduced the water loss by 98.8%.

EXAMPLE [[1 An application of a composition. by a method of this invention was conducted in a second natural location in Pauma Valley, California. A pond site was cleared having dimensions of approximately 30 feet by 40 feet by 6 feet deep at the center (approximately l3,000 gallons capacity). The surfaces of the bed and the sides of the pond site were treated first with a solution of latex binder having the following composition:

by weight Pliopave l65-K Latex (solids) 6.56 Water (including H O from Latex) 9l.60 Duomeen T 40 Arquad 5-50 .26 HCl .ll CaCl, .07 Nopcowet 160 L00 The solution was applied at the rate of approximately one gallon per hundred square feet of surface. Thereafter the surfaces were treated with an emulsion sealer having the following composition:

% by weight Asphalt (Binder 8) 48.57 Pliopave l65-K (Solids) 1.63 Water 47.60 Duomeen T .32 Arquad S-SO .21 HCl .12 CaCl, .05 Nopcowet l60 L50 The solution was applied at the rate of approximately 3.3 gallons per hundred square feet of surface. Penetration of the virgin soil by both the latex solution and the final emulsion sealer was excellent. The latex solution was applied in approximately one gallon per hundred square feet of surface and the emulsion sealer in ap- EXAMPLE IV Tests were carried out to determine the efficacy of including minor amounts of various non-ionic surfactants in the compositions to improve soil penetration and decrease soak-in time.

An emulsion having the mixed composition described in Example [I and having in addition, 0.5 percent of surfactant, was used in concentrated form (52% asphalt solids) and in dilute form (26% asphalt solids), 50 ml. of each emulsion was applied to a 4 sq. in. X k in. deep area (confined in an aluminum form) set on the surface of the sand in an 8 in. X 8 in. X 1 in. deep disposable aluminum baking pan. Soak-in time and penetration data were recorded as set forth in the following Table ll. It can be seen that best results are obtained with Nopcowet 160, an alkyl aryl polyether alcohol, Hyonic PE-90, a polyethoxylated nonylphenol, Triton CF-lO, a benzylether of octylphenol-ethylene oxide adduct or Tergitol TMN or l-S-7, a linear alcohol.

TABLE II Solids Emulsion (by weight) Surfactant Control 52 N n Control 26 None I 52 Hyonic PEQO (polyethoxyiated Nonylphenol) l' 26 2 S2 Lomar D (polymerized Naphthalene Sulfonate) 2' 26 3 52 Lomar PW Sodium Neutralized (Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid) 3' 26 4 52 Nopcowet l (alkyl aryl polyether alcohol) 4' 26 5 52 Nopcowet I529 26 6 52 Tergitol TMN (Trimethyl Nonanol) 6V I! 7 52 Tergitol l5-S-7 (Linear Alcohol) 7 26 Tergitol l5-S-7 (Linear Alcohol) 8 52 Silicone Y-4l86 (Silicone) 8' 26 9 52 Triton CF-l0 (Benzylether of octylphenolethylene oxide) 9' 26 10 52 Triton X-l00 (Octyl phcnoxy ethanol) 10 26 l l 52 Triton X l l4 (Octyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol) 1 l 26 I2 52 Triton X-400 (Stearyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride stearyl and isopropyl alcohols) 12' 26 Soak-In Time Depth of Emulsion (If Rapid) Penetration Control None Control 60 min. V4 1 I min. V4 1' 360 min 'A" 2 None 2' None 3 None 3' None 4 I80 min. /t" 4' 8 min. I" 5 None 5' 60 min /"l" 6 None 6' 5 min. /E"l r" 7 None 7' 360 min. W N/" 8 None 3 360 min. %"-l" 9 None 9 360 min. A" 10 None l0 360 min.

TABLE 1] Continued Solids Emulsion (by weight) Surfactant l None 11' 32 min. 12 None 12 360 min. %"V|" What is claimed is:

1. A composition for reducing the loss of water through the permeable ground surface of a water containment body such as a reservoir, pond, canal and the like, comprising:

a. a 25 to 50% by weight aqueous, cationic emulsion of a petroleum asphalt having a softening point of 90F. to 200F. and a penetration at 77F. of from 4 dmm to 205 dmm, 90 percent of the particles of which are less than about microns in size;

b. a mixture of at least two cationic emulsifiers in from 0.3 to 1.2 percent by weight of said emulsion, said emulsifiers including 1. a basic emulsifier selected from the group consisting of N-alkyl polyethylene diamines of the formula RNH(CH .NH where w is an integer of from 2 to 4 and R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms; and

2. an emulsification aid-break suppressant selected from the group consisting of alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds of the formula where n is from 1 to 2 and R represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, said basic emulsifier and said emulsifica tion aid-break suppressant being present in a weight ratio to one another of from 1:2 to 2:1; c. a non-ionic surface active agent in from 0.1 to 1.5 percent by weight of said emulsion, selected from the group consisting of alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, polyethoxylated nonylphenols (average ethylene oxide content of 4-12 mols per mol of nonylphenol), benzyl ethers of octyl phenol and linear organic alcohols;

d. from 1 to 10 percent by weight of said emulsion of an elastomeric material; and

e. an acid in sufficient quantity to set the pH of said composition at from 5 to 7.

2. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said emulsion contains from 35 to 40% asphalt solids.

3. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said basic emulsifier is a tallow 1,3-propylene diamine and said emulsification aid-break suppressant is a tallow trimethyl ammonium chloride.

4. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said non-ionic surface active agent is an alkyl aryl polyether alcohol.

5. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein the pH is in the range of 5 to 6.

6. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said emulsion contains from 1 to 10% by weight of latex solids.

h l i 

1. A COMPOSITION FOR REDUCING THE LOSS OF WATER THROUGH THE PERMEABLE GROUND SURFACE OF A WATER CONTAINMENT BODY SUCH AS A RESERVOIR, POND, CANAL AND THE LIKE, COMPRISING: A. A 25 TO 50% BY WEIGHT AQUEOUS CATIONIC EMULSION OF A PETROLEUM ASPHALT HAVING A SOFTENING POINT OF 90*F. TO 200*F. AND A PENETRATION AT 77*F. OF FROM 4 DMM T 205 DMM, 90 PERCENT OF THE PARTICLES OF WHICH ARE LESS THAN ABOUT 10 MICRONS IN SIZE B. A MIXTURE OF AT LEAST TWO CATIONIC EMULSIFERS IN FROM 0.3 TO 1.2 PERCENT BY WEIGHT OF SAID EMULSIFIERS IN FROM 0.3 INCLUDING
 1. A BASIC EMULSIFIERS SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF N-ALKYL POLYETHYLENE DIAMINES OF THE FORMULA RNH(CH2)WNH2 WHERE W IS AN INTEGER OF FROM 2 TO 4 AND R REPRESENTS AN ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON CONTAINING FROM 8 TO 22 CARBON ATOMS; AND
 2. AN EMULSIFICATION AID-BREAK SUPPRESSANT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALKYL QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS OF THE FORMULA
 2. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said emulsion contains from 35 to 40% asphalt solids.
 2. an emulsification aid-break suppressant selected from the group consisting of alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds of the formula
 3. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said basic emulsifier is a tallow 1,3-propylene diamine and said emulsification aid-break suppressant is a tallow trimethyl ammonium chloride.
 4. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said non-ionic surface active agent is an alkyl aryl polyether alcohol.
 5. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein the pH is in the range of 5 to
 6. 6. A composition as recited in claim 1 wherein said emulsion contains from 1 to 10% by weight of latex solids. 